New IJM now accepts submissions exclusively via the Editorial Scholar portal — a dedicated submission & review system.
Go to Editorial Scholar →
Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd. | COPE Member · ID: JM07589
Scopus Q3 UGC-CARE ABDC: C |
Indian Journal of Marketing logo

Indian Journal of Marketing

ISSN: 0973-8703 Frequency: Monthly Peer Review: Double-blind Published since: 1968 Language: English
A publication of AMCPL
amcon.co.in
New Delhi, India
Indexed in: Scopus Q3 UGC-CARE Group II ABDC: C Google Scholar J-Gate NAAS NISCAIR Crossref

Original Article

Open Access Original Article

Does Greenwashing Build Green Brand Associations? Evidence from the Indian Packaged Food Market

Varsha Khattri1Vivek Singh Tomar2

1 Associate Professor, FORE School of Management, New Delhi, B - 18, Qutub Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016

2 Assistant Professor , Institute of Management Technology, Centre for Distance Learning, A - 16, Site-3, UPSIDC Industrial Area, Meerut Road, Ghaziabad - 201 003, Uttar Pradesh

Volume 54
Issue 2
Pages 27–43
Year 2024
Received: Oct. 5, 2022 Accepted: July 25, 2023 Published: Feb. 1, 2024
Abstract

Purpose: Marketers engage in a tactic known as “greenwashing,” which involves making false environmental claims in order to capitalize on consumers’ desire for environmentally friendly items. This study looked at how views of “greenwashing” affected links between green brands and packaged foods in India. It also looked at how green concern and green skepticism function as moderators and mediators, respectively.

Methodology: The study is based on a survey of 326 users of packaged food products. The questionnaire consisted of four major constructs: greenwashing perception, greenwashing skepticism, green concern, and green brand associations. The structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was applied to conclude the data.

Findings: This study showed that green skepticism acts as a mediating factor between the impression of greenwashing and negative associations with green brands. It was discovered that the moderator of green concern emphasized the detrimental effect of the perception of greenwashing on affiliations with green brands.Practical

Implications: The results from the study may be used by lawmakers, regulators, and packaged food marketers to frame their environmental policies and practices to reduce green skepticism by providing proof of green claims and practices.

Originality: The study was distinctive in that it examined green brand linkages from the viewpoint of the notion of greenwashing. Furthermore, no research on the subject of greenwashing examined the moderating and mediating effects of green concern and green skepticism, respectively. Thus, the study addressed this research void.

Keywords Greenwashing Green Skepticism Green Concern Green Brand Associations Indian Packaged Food Market
How to Cite

Varsha Khattri, Vivek Singh Tomar (2024). Does Greenwashing Build Green Brand Associations? Evidence from the Indian Packaged Food Market. Indian Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i2/172049

References
  1. Aaker, D. (2003). The power of the branded differentiator. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(1), 83.
  2. Agarwal, S., & Khattri, V. (2018). Impact of environmental awareness on the purchase of green products. Effulgence, 16, 1–11. https://dx.doi.org/10.33601/effulgence.rdias/v16/iSpl1/2018/article0.1
  3. Akehurst, G., Afonso, C., & Martins Gonçalves, H. (2012). Re-examining green purchase behaviour and the green consumer profile: New evidence. Management Decision, 50(5), 972–988. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211227726
  4. Akturan, U. (2018). How does greenwashing affect green branding equity and purchase intention? An empirical research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(7), 809–824. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2017-0339
  5. ASCI pulls up Reliance Jio, PepsiCo India, Hindustan Unilever, others for misleading ads. (2018, October 17). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/asci-pulls-up-reliance-jio-pepsico-india-hindustan-unilever-others-for-misleadingads/articleshow/66263285.cms
  6. ASCI upheld complaints against 248 advertisements in November, 2019. (February 21, 2020). Best Media Info. https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/02/asci-upheld-complaints-against-248-advertisements-in-november-2019/
  7. AZO Cleantech. (2008). Greenwashing, A definition of what greenwashing is, examples of greenwashing and how to spot greenwashing. https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=109
  8. Bekk, M., Spörrle, M., Hedjasie, R., & Kerschreiter, R. (2016). Greening the competitive advantage: Antecedents and consequences of green brand equity. Quality & Quantity, 50, 1727–1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0232-y
  9. Bhatti, K. K., & Negi, A. (2018). Determinants of green marketing leading to sustainable competitive advantage for retailers within the Delhi region. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(8), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i8/130540
  10. Biswas, A., & Roy, M. (2015). Green products: An exploratory study on the consumer behaviour in emerging economies of the East. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.075
  11. Chang, C.-H., & Chen, Y.-S. (2014). Managing green brand equity: The perspective of perceived risk theory. Quality & Quantity, 48, 1753–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9872-y
  12. Chen, Y., & Chang, C. (2012). Enhance green purchase intentions: The roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust. Management Decision, 50(3), 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211216250
  13. Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C.-H. (2013). Greenwash and green trust: The mediation effects of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1360-0
  14. Das, J. K., Prakash, O., & Khattri, V. (2016). Brand image mapping: A study on bathing soaps. Global Business Review, 17(4), 870–885. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150916645683
  15. Delmas, M. A., & Burbano, V. C. (2011). The drivers of greenwashing. California Management Review, 54(1), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2011.54.1.64
  16. Euromonitor International. (2020). Packaged food in India – Analysis (Country Report). https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/
  17. Food Safety Helpline.com. (2016). FSSAI signs a MoU with ASCI to address the issue of misleading advertisements. https://foodsafetyhelpline.com/fssai-signs-mou-asci-address-issue-misleading-advertisements/
  18. Foreh, M. R., & Grier, S. (2003). When is honesty the best policy? The effect of stated company intent on consumer skepticism. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(3), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1303_15
  19. Forehand, M. R. (2000). Extending overjustification: The effect of perceived reward-giver intention on response to rewards. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 919–931. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.919
  20. Ghose, A., & Chandra, B. (2018). Consumption behaviour towards green durable products: The moderating role of demographics. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(6), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i6/127834
  21. Goh, S. K., & Balaji, M. S. (2016). Linking green skepticism to green purchase behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.122
  22. Horiuchi, R., Schuchard, R., Shea, L., & Townsend, S. (2009). Understanding and preventing greenwash: A business guide. Futerra Sustainability Communications. https://www.bsr.org/reports/Understanding%20_Preventing_Greenwash.pdf
  23. Jose, H., & Koshy, M. P. (2018). Factors influencing young consumers of organic food products to lead a healthy lifestyle. Indian Journal of Marketing, 48(10), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2018/v48/i10/132323
  24. Kourav, V., & Sharma, A. (2023). Exploring success factors for new product selling in fast - moving consumer goods. Indian Journal of Marketing, 53(3), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2023/v53/i3/172653
  25. Laheri, V. K. (2020). Moderating effect of facilitators and barriers for purchase of green products in India. Indian Journal of Marketing, 50(3), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2020/v50/i3/151026
  26. Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6), 503–520. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006155
  27. Laufer, W. S. (2003). Social accountability and corporate greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(3), 253–261. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25074996
  28. Lee, K. (2008). Opportunities for green marketing: Young consumers. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 26(6), 573–586. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500810902839
  29. Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J. W. (2011). Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20(1), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x
  30. Markham, D., Khare, A., & Beckman, T. (2014). Greenwashing: A proposal to restrict its spread. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 16(4), 1450030. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333214500306
  31. Mohr, L. A., Eroǧlu, D., & Ellen, P. S. (1998). The development and testing of a measure of skepticism toward environmental claims in marketers' communications. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 32(1), 30–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.1998.tb00399.x
  32. Naresh, N. (2019, April 2). ASCI processes complaints against 415 advertisements, of which 373 were regarding misleading claims. Invetiva. https://www.inventiva.co.in/stories/inventiva/asci-processes-complaints-against-415-advertisements-of-which-373-were-regarding-misleading-claims/
  33. Newton, J. D., Tsarenko, Y., Ferraro, C., & Sands, S. (2015). Environmental concern and environmental purchase intentions: The mediating role of learning strategy. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1974–1981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.007
  34. Nguyen, T. T. H., Yang, Z., Nguyen, N., Johnson, L. W., & Cao, T. K. (2019). Greenwash and green purchase intention: The mediating role of green skepticism. Sustainability, 11(9), 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092653
  35. Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998). Development of a scale to measure consumer skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2),159–186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_03
  36. Orange, E., & Cohen, A. M. (2010). From eco-friendly to eco-intelligent. The Futurist, 44(5), 28–32. https://www.proquest.com/docview/736165378?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Magazines
  37. Padhan, S. (2023). Urban housing for migrant students in India: Field-based evidence from the National Capital Region. Indian Journal of Human Development, 17(1), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/09737030231175283
  38. Paladino, A., & Ng, S. (2013). An examination of the influences on 'green' mobile phone purchases among young business students: An empirical analysis. Environmental Education Research, 19(1), 118–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.687044
  39. Premi, H., Sharma, M., & Dangayach, G. S. (2021). Green marketing: A systematic literature review. Indian Journal of Marketing, 51(8), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2021/v51/i8/165761
  40. Rahman, I., Park, J., & Chi, C. G.-q. (2015). Consequences of “greenwashing”: Consumers' reactions to hotels' green initiatives. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 1054–1081. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2014-0202
  41. Ramus, C. A., & Montiel, I. (2005). When are corporate environmental policies a form of greenwashing? Business & Society, 44(4), 377–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650305278120
  42. Reints, R. (2019, November 5). Consumers say they want more sustainable products. Now they have the receipts to prove it. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2019/11/05/sustainability-marketing-consumer-spending/
  43. Somani, S., & Stroud, S. R. (2019). Green is the new color of money: Greenwashing and advertising ethics. The University of Texas at Austin, Center for Media Engagement, Moody College of Communication. https://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/48-greenwashing-case-study.pdf
  44. Szabo, S., & Webster, J. (2021). Perceived greenwashing: The effects of green marketing on environmental and product perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 171, 719–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04461-0
  45. Tara, K., Singh, S., & Kumar, R. (2015). Green marketing: The new strategic imperative by firms in India. Indian Journal of Marketing, 45(7), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2015/v45/i7/79926
  46. Tara, K., Singh, S., Kumar, R., & Sundararajan, M. (2019). Geographical locations of banks as an influencer for green banking adoption. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 12(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i1/141425
  47. Thacker, H. (2019, April 8). FSSAI mandates brands to stop using misleading words in advertising food products. The CSR Journal. https://thecsrjournal.in/fssai-mandates-brands-to-stop-using-misleading-words-in-advertising-food-products/
  48. UL Solutions. (2010). Sins of greenwashing. https://www.ul.com/insights/sins-greenwashing
  49. Walker, K., & Wan, F. (2012). The harm of symbolic actions and green-washing: Corporate actions and communications on environmental performance and their financial implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 109, 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4
  50. Zhang, L., Li, D., Cao, C., & Huang, S. (2018). The influence of greenwashing perception on green purchasing intentions: The mediating role of green word-of-mouth and the moderating role of green concern. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 740–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.201
Editorial Scholar

Submit your Research to IJM

Submit your Manuscript → Author Guidelines